Peloponnesian War Essay

Nearly during fifty years that preceded Peloponnesian War, the Greek history was characterized by development of the city of Athens as the main power in the Mediterranean world. The ancient Greece is a term used to describe the Greek speaking world in the ancient times which included the Hellenic culture that were settled in Greek during the ancient times. The ancient times in Greece was influenced by frequent migration as several people were forced to leave their land due to pressure from superior tribes. People were not free to cultivate their land since they could not predict when the invaders would come. Most of these people sort refuge in the city of Athens as a safe retreat. No form of communication, no freedom of trade and the richest soil were frequently invaded thus changed master. Such fertile district included most parts of Peloponnese, Boeotia, and Thessaly (Hanson, V, 2005). The city of Athens in Europe was the birthplace of democracy and became the most powerful and the leading city in the Ancient Greece during the first millennium BC. Classical democracy which was also called Athenian democracy was the democratic system that greatly developed in the Ancient Greek city state Athens and it’s surrounding such the Attica. Many states in Greek also had democracies but not in the Athenian model nor were they as powerful and stable as the Athenian democracy. It started as a small group of city states who merged in order to bring to an end the then intense Persian war. It had several cultural achievements that laid the foundation for the western civilization. Just before the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, the city of Athens had grown in power and wealth and was the strongest city state in Greece. After a short while the city of Athens started dominated and invading other city-states. They succeeded in dominating all the Greece except the Sparta and its allies thus making the Athens Empire with which they were able to defeat the Persians and thereafter formed a coalition of Greek city-states. Just after the departure of the Persians friction began between the Athens and the Peloponnese states including Sparta who were trying to hinder the Athenians from building the walls of Athens but their hindrances were thwarted (Cawkwell, G, 1997). The Peloponnesians believed that without the walls the Athenians would defenseless against land attack and thus would be easily subjects to Sparta since they (the Spartans) overpowered the Athenians in land war. Since they did not succeed in their bid, they felt secretly grieved. All this events marked the birthpangs of Peloponnesian war. Other events that fueled the war involved the Athens and the Corinth. After Corinth faced defeated from Corcyra which happened to be one of their colony, they started building naval power but the Corcyra formed an ally with the Athens so as to gain defense against any farther attack from the Corinth. Peloponnesian war which is also known as Athenian war commenced in 431BC between the Athenians and the Spartans who were leading the Peloponnesian league at that time. Many were the underlying factors behind this war which lasted up to 404BC. These two countries had made a peace treaty which had lasted for thirty years at that time. However, the Spartans felt threatened by the increasing power and wealth of the Athenians since they (the Athenians) being power hungry had began to reassert their control on the mainland of Greece. The other factor that triggered the war was the trade sanctions that the Athenians gave to the Megarans who were Spartans allies. As a result of this, Spartans and the Athenians fell into another war which was named Peloponnesian war after the Peloponnesian league which was led by the Spartans. This war lasted for over twenty seven years and it occurred in three different phases namely: Archidamian War, the attack of the Syracuse in Sicily and the Decelean war or the Lonian war. First phase of the war named Archidamian war, after the king of Sparta called Archidamus II, took place between 431BC and 421 BC. At the outbreak of the war the Spartans attacked Attica and burned all their crops with an aim to starve the Athenians forcing many of the citizens in Attica to leave their farms and seek refuge inside the long walls that joined Athens and its port known Piraeus. The general of the Spartan army during this period was Brasidas while the general of the Athenian army was Cleon. They highly wished to fight the land war which they were good at to the disadvantage of the Athenians who anchored on the powerful navy they had. A good number of the population of the Athenians died during this period not only as a result of the war but also an outbreak of plague which consumed almost two thirds of entire Athens population. Each of the sides believed that it would over power the other and therefore force a surrender which was not the case (Kallet, L, 2001). After ten years of struggles and fighting, both the two nations were worn down and thus they agreed and signed a fifty-year peace treaty which was called the Peace of Nicias. The peace treaty was named Nicia after an Athenian politician and general leader of the Athens at that time. However, the treaty lasted for only six years after the death of Brasidas and Cleon thereafter there was an outbreak of another war which ushered the second phase of the war. During these six years there were constant skirmishes and even though the Spartans kept themselves from war their allies constantly conversed on the possibility of revolt. As a result of these talks the allies got good support from Argos one of the cities within Peloponnesus which was quite independent from Lacedaemon (another Greek name for Sparta). They managed to form a coalition with other democratic states within the Peloponnese such as Elis and Mantinea and the Spartans were unable to break this coalition despite all their efforts. A small portion of Athenians including Alcibiades backed this coalition too. History has it that the war which occurred in Mantinea was the fiercest war that was ever fought during Peloponnesian war. The Lacedaemonians together with their neighbors Tegean faced a tough opposition from the combined forces of the Mantinea, Argos, Arcadia and the Athens. The Spartans who were also known as Lacedaemonians were able to put down this coalition forcing the democratic alliance to break. Finally, the members of this coalition joined the Peloponnesian league. The second phase of this war was characterized by the attack in Sicily from Syracuse. The people of Syracuse were Dorians as the Spartans whereas the Sicilians were Ionians as the Athenians. The colonization of the Sicily would have been a great door for getting immense wealth by the Athenians. During this time the Athenian religious statute was destroyed by an anonymous figure but the charges were placed upon Alcibiades who demanded trial immediately so that he could defend himself. Instead, the Athenians allowed him to go for expedition. He was then summoned back to Athens when he was in Sicily but he fearing that he could possibly be condemned unjustly, he opted not to return to Athens and instead defected to the side of Spartans (Krentz, P, 1982). He became a resourceful person to the Spartans by revealing to the Spartans the underlying plans of the Athenians as pertained to the city of Sicily including the Athenian plan to use Sicily as a springboard to conquer Italy and use the resources plus the soldiers in these new conquests to conquer all the Peloponnese. In order to counteract this move, Nicia was taken to replace Alcibiades as mission who then was commissioned to mount an attack on the Syracuse. But with the help from Spartans, the Athenians were all defeated miserably thus they were unable to invade the city. The joint reinforcement of the Spartans, Corinth and Peloponnese league to Syracuse were able to entirely destroy the Athenian fleet and consequently all their army was sold off into slavery The Sicily attack almost left the Athenians powerless since their power was more vested in the naval power and any of their troops that remained were killed and enslaved by the Syracusans. This war had detrimental effect on the Athenian empire as their treasury was reading empty and their strong youths were held prisoners in a strange land. Through the advice of Alcibiades, the Spartans were able to fortify Decelea, a city near Athens, thus preventing the shipment of supplies to Athens and also hindering them from using their land in a full year. This move disrupted the sliver mines that were nearby and thus forced the supplies to be taken by sea at an increased cost. Worst of all, the Spartans freed most of the Athenian slaves at Decelea forcing the Athenians to seek tribute from their subject allies which farther caused tension and a threat of rebellion within the Athenian empire (Robert B, 1996). Despite all these humiliating defeat in the Sicily the Athenians never gave up on their fight but they managed to escape. For instance, the slow with which the Spartans furnished their troops and ship. The Syracuse and the Corinth were also not speedy enough in letting their fleet in Aegean thus giving the Athenians an opportunity to survive. The Spartan officers lacked necessary skills and these accounted for their slowness in furnishing the troops. During the last phase of the war, the Spartans received reinforcement from the Persians who offered assistance in form of money and ship. The Persians allied with the bid to revenge on the Athenians for the war they had prosecuted in the earlier century. Whenever war was shifted to the sea the Athenians could enjoy victory. Under the leadership of General Lysander, the Spartans got an overall victory over the Athenians. As a result of this Alcibiades exiled himself from Athens because he was not re-elected as the general of the Athenians. Unfortunately their fleets were completely destroyed due to a surprise attack which then left them very hopeless and consequently they surrendered to the Spartans who broke the walls of their cities and barred them from possessing a navy. The aftermaths of the Peloponnesian included the overthrowing of oligarchs and restoration of democracy. This war reshaped the ancient Greek world. Sparta was established as the leading power in Greece whereas Athens which was the powerful state was lowered into subjection. Poverty was greatly experienced in Peloponnesus due to the economic costs of the war across the entire Greece. Reference: Cawkwell, G. L. (1997). Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War. London: Routledge. Hanson, V. (2005). How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War. New York: Random House. Kallet, L. (2001). The Sicilia Expedition and its Aftermath. Berkeley: University of California Press, Krentz, P. (1982). The Thirty at Athens. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Robert B. (1996). A Guide to the Peloponnesian War. New York: The Free Press.

Black Matters Essay

I must admit that this is the most challenging fruitful reading that I have ever endured. At first it was a drag, but once I took out my dictionary and got serious I begin to truly understand, accept and open my mind to a new learning experience. Black matters is a powerful statement, before reading I glanced at the title and it gave me pride. I thought to myself that black matters was a new meaning for my black people and standing up for what they believed in. Black matters means that my black people problems are equal to the white superior man or women. Black matters means that we the black race are the priority, we are important, we are not invisible and we do to matter. Toni Morrison, a strong African American woman, with a strong voice and many words. An author and editor: born February 18, 1931 in Lorain, Ohio; the first African American woman to receive Nobel Prize in Literature. I have heard students in my class refer to Morrison as a literature legend because of her most popular writings. I have never in life read or heard of Toni Morrison; however, my impression of her is charismatic, devoted, hardworking, strong will, expressive and much more. I look at her as a teacher and I believe that she practices what she preach. Her emotion in the passage was deep I sense anger, disappointment, and at some point fear. I also sense happiness to be able to inform. People all over the world would benefit from this particular writing because it expands literature from black prospective verses the ordinary expected. According to Brooklyn Academy, Morrison states that her ultimate goal is to â€Å"to restore the language that black people spoke to its original power†. Her intention in this piece is to take down the boundaries that limit African American literature to its people, not only us but she intends to broadcast it around the world for everyone to hear, see and understand. While planting the seed with a little imagination to draw a picture in our mind so we can better picture of African American adventure. It would take place without a big seen or drama it would just be food for thought for the African American race. I like when she says â€Å"my work requires me to think about how free I can be as an African American writer women writer in my genderized, sexualized, wholly racialized world. This is a very genderized, sexualized, wholly racialized world and throughout any career, the African American race will always be judged and challenged especially women. â€Å"American literature has been clearly the preserve of the white male views, genius, and power, those views, genius, and power are without relationship to and removed from the overwhelming presence of black in the united states†. This is totally not fair because they are only educating us from one prospective. They are leaving out our black genius people who have slaved and fought for our freedom. In their eyes W. E. B Dubois, Fredrick Douglass, James Baldwin, Alice Walker and many more do not matter. Let them tell it there is only one way and that is the white way. That is why are black children are uniformed and uneducated. That is why black history month is not longer celebrated in the schools today.

Intership PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Intership PAPER - Essay Example I was blessed with good people to work with who supported me throughout my internship. The Creative Activity & Fitness Center was established in 1990 initially as a play group for very young children. As the children grew up, more and more classes were offered to develop their creative skills such as workshops in Art, Music, Dance, etc. Parents were delighted to have a place to bring their children where they learn skills and enjoy at the same time. Over the years, the population of enrolees grew and more workshops were offered, that there was a need to expand the business. Enrolment to the center was like membership where parents renew their children’s membership in order to avail of the services and use the facilities. The owners bought the huge land beside it and built a larger dance studio, a swimming pool, a theatre for recitals and performances, a large playground and more rooms for the varied workshops offered. Because of the new facilities, the center has gained a great reputation and attracted more members since it now accepted teenagers and even adult s. There are also workshops for adults such as Sculpting, Painting and Photography as well as some dance classes. The center is busiest in the afternoons after school when the children come for their workshops and tutorial sessions and during summer when all the workshops are fully-booked. Currently, there are some playgroups and preschool classes offered in the mornings and day care service the whole day, with some night shifts for children whose parents work at night. Weekends are particularly heavy, as multiple workshops are ongoing for all age brackets as well as the use of the facilities is maximized. The population of the members is comprised of various nationalities and ages. The center is staffed by about 50 people occupying positions in administration, teaching, public relations, program management, maintenance and security,

MANAGERIAL FINANCE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MANAGERIAL FINANCE - Case Study Example In 2000’s, the airlines inaugurated various Airbus jets and new suites of its products and made various records during this period. In 2004, it made a record of the world’s longest nonstop commercial flight from Singapore to Los Angeles. In 2008, it made a record again by operating an all Business class flight between Asia and USA (Singapore Airlines). The Singapore Airlines operate from Singapore and has 20 flight destinations in Middle East, UK, USA and South East Asia. The range of its products and services is vast starting from exceptional services at ground to different types of cuisines and forms of entertainment in flight. Their cuisine caters to needs of children, old age people and those from various religions. Their in-flight entertainment comprises of movies, TV shows, games and various other entertainment devices. Mileage credits for business and economy class passengers is another unique service provided by the airlines. KrisWorld in-flight entertainment system provides exceptional levels of comfort and entertainment to its first and business class passengers (Singapore Airlines) The operating profit, returns and earnings of the airlines saw a drastic increase in the year 2010-11. The operating profit rose with about 1911.5% and earnings per share with 402.20%. The drastic rise in the profitability of the company was due to the recovery after the slowdown of the global economic crisis in the late 2000’s. There was a rise in demand for the airlines products and services. The current trading period and the latter half of the last trading period year saw an improvement in the profitability of the company which saved it from incurring a loss (Singapore Airlines). The price earnings ratio for Singapore Airlines in the year 2010-11 is $0.15 (share price/ eps = 13.68/91.4). The price earnings ratio for Qantas in the year 2010-11 is $0.18 (1.97/11) (Qantas Airlines). The P/E ratio of Qantas Airlines is more favorable for the

Race and Community Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and Community - Personal Statement Example Racism in the United States of America, in my opinion, is not something that should surprise anybody. It is not because of any kind of ignorance of the government, it is because of the wide variety of people who inhabit this side of the world. When collection of this kind of variety is brought into a conflict, they are bound to form schemas and mental shortcuts that end up depicting in racial attitude towards certain race and community. Racism against many communities such as the African Americans was first evident in the political and law making bodies previously before the human rights associations intervened. It is now condemned on all levels; however, still practiced on many. Over the years, events have occurred, that have helped fuel the fury of racism in the minds and hearts of people all around the world. The situation is not different in the United States which boasts a sound political and culturally balanced system; a country that welcomes everybody. Since the acts of terrorism have been successful in creating a sense of terror in everybody around the world, the acts portraying racism against certain classes have aggravated. I, being a Muslim, can relate to the feeling of differentiation along the social and ethnic lines. Proud to be an American, I have also faced various racial interactions over my life. I have lived in this country for more than 10 years now; migrated here when I was 10 years old. Therefore, I have been fully exposed to the difference in attitudes of fellow American before and after the 9/11. The traumatic turn of events have altered the mind sets of the common American towards certain races and classes and sadly, my race is one of them. Even after being in a foreign country, I have been following the rules and guidance that Islam has prescribed about the wearing 'Hijab'. For those who don't know the exact interpretation, it has its tangible and intangible aspects. The tangible aspects are covering the parts of the body including the hair, that make a women look beautiful in the eyes of others. The intangible part extends to the fact that with the covering should accompany the morality, modesty and privacy. Post the 9/11 events, I did not face many problems; did not feel eyes following me wherever I went, be it a restaurant or my educational institution. I can call myself a modern Muslim girl, who under the limits prescribed by the 'hijab', wore western clothes such as jeans and t-shirts which were considered taboo by many in my society. However, my community had always been very supportive of it. Many Muslim residing in my vicinity did follow hijab, a considerable number did not. As the Indians and Sikhs are also be longing from the same geographical location South Asia, without the hijab, we all looked the same. We congregated, celebrated our differences with great fervor. The Hindus celebrated the Eid with us; the Diwali was equally celebrated by all. This behavior was not confined to members of our community. We had almost Black Americans, Hispanics; all integrating and celebrating different occasions relating to the various back grounds that we were related too.9/11 changes the scenario of the world; the way people thought about others changed, the way people interacted changed, everything changed. This might sound a little clich but my friends outside the circle of Islam posed questioning looks at me about my dressing, their behavior towards me

The Impact of Inward FDI on Host Countries Essay

The Impact of Inward FDI on Host Countries - Essay Example Discussion The impacts of inward FDI on host countries Transfer of resources Inward FDI has various effects on host countries. Grimwade (2000) indicates that inward FDI has the effect of transferring resources whereby resources such as technology, capital and management are transferred during investment. Capital transfer increases the capital stock in a host country while the transfer of management leads to the improvement of management skills in this country. Moreover, during transfer of resources, host countries may benefit from new technologies from the foreign investors. Overall, the transfer of the aforementioned elements leads to an increment in the host country’s productive potential as it leads to the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Host countries have witnessed substantial economic growth due to FDI. This growth, alongside other benefits, has heavily depended on various factors. The multinational corporations in host countries have raised funds in these countries through bank loans, issuing shares or issuing bonds to the investors in these countries. However, such a move has not yielded the result of transfer of capital and it has instead pushed the costs of raising capital for the firms in the host countries. ... (2004) indicate that some MNCs from industrialized countries have introduced capital-intensive methods in countries that require labor-intensive methods owing to abundance in labor there. Furthermore, management skills and technologies brought to the host countries may have a little benefit to their economy in case they are not passed on to the employees in the local firms. Balance of payments and trade Buckley and Casson (2002) reveal that through inward FDI, host nations have been able to enjoy positive effects on their balance of payments in the short run. The inflow of foreign capital has benefited the capital account of balance of payments, with the current account improving due to a decrease in imports or an increase in exports. Foreign companies also face the need to import various parts and components from their parent companies during their early stages. Moreover, there is a possibility of large inflows emanating from the foreign countries pushing the exchange rates, which r enders the exports less lucrative and increases competition. Appreciation in the exchange rates may have the effect of attracting speculative capital inflows, which may push the rate further and lead to its overshooting. In case the central bank wants to prevent the rise of the rate through selling currency to foreign money holders, there will be an increase in the supply of money, which culminates into inflation. In the end, there will be an outflow of FDI when the parent companies are paid dividends and interest payments (Jones, 2005 ). Employment Dicken (2007) highlights that inward FDI has the effect of increasing employment in the host countries. This is a direct effect of FDI as the foreign firms in these countries are able to employ workers who might not have attained any form of

Learning Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Review - Essay Example reflection started from the skills and knowledge I possessed at the time of joining the module so that I get a better chance of understanding what further I gained from the course. Admittedly, I had a number of skills and knowledge that would enormously help me in my study. First of all, as I have work experience in managerial roles, I have the chances of applying comparative and ideal methods to identify how my perceptions and practice differ from what is required. Another advantage is the supporting educational background I possess. As I have relevant educational background, further learning becomes easy. The last point is the availability of people around me who would be able to help me with my learning difficulties. As Cottrell (2008:5) points out, I spent some time looking into my own learning style before I began this degree course. From there, I gained the insight that the learning style I had adopted previously was rather ineffective. Admittedly, I was a visual/kinaesthetic learner (Cottrell 2008:5) and my learning style can be accurately termed ‘dreamer’ (Cottrell 2008:59). Admittedly, visual learners prefer to learn things through seeing them. For such learners, information absorption becomes easier when there is effective utilisation of pictures, graphs and maps. As I looked into my own learning nature, I found that adopting maps, outlines and diagrams would help me overcome the learning difficulties I face. In addition, I found that by being able to watch the lecture closely or by ensuring eye contact with the speaker, I could improve my learning abilities. In order to utilise the finding in my learning process, I started note taking during class. The notes were not simple writings, but were charts and diagrams when possible, and I tried to keep them colorful and visually attractive. In addition, I started using a pencil to take notes while in class, and the use of pencil allowed me to make corrections when necessary. Admittedly, this process

Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy - Assignment Example Crystal Jade is listed as one of the top market performers and they still strive to maintain their position through laying various business strategies. Limited barriers to entry inform of patents and rights. Most of foods and beverages offered by Crystal Jade are not strictly regulated through patents and legal rights making it easier for other players to sell and offer similar goods and services. No technical skills required to start up a firm. Unlike in highly controlled industries such as law, engineering, and medical where technical skills is paramount no or limited technical ability is required to start and run a restaurant successfully Competitors are high in number and equally balanced in key areas of operation. Crystal Jade is face intense competition both locally and internationally. Key among its competitors include but not limited to Old Chang Kee, Sakae Sushi, KLG, Marrybrown Restaurant, Es Teler 77, and Hoka Hoka Bento. Crystal Jade has been enjoying political stability all its areas of operation. The company currently operates at least 121 outlets in approximately 9 different countries across Asia and in the United States all of which are political stabile. However being a multinational company Crystal Jade has to deal with varied public issues such as taxation policies, different trade and labour laws and regulations which may have direct impact on the operations of the business. For instance, The US operate different labour and tax laws compared to China and Singapore and such differences may be a significant challenge to the growth and expansion of business if they are not addressed effectively. It is quite plausible that Crystal Jade is operating its business in a number of the most flourishing economies in Asian region. Key global economic bodies such as World Bank and IMF have ranked China, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia as being among the fasted growing economies globally

Solicitor and a barrister Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Solicitor and a barrister - Essay Example ion who specializes in giving professional legal advice, courtroom advocacy, and drafting legal pleadings (School of Law, Queen Mary University of London, 2011). Barristers require specialized skills in certain areas such as analysis and research so that they can be able to speak confidently and be quick to spot key issues. They are mostly found in arguing cases on behalf of clients in ether tribunals or in court. Solicitors on the other hand are more concerned with transactional type of the legal work. Solicitors are generally attorneys to their clients, which mean they have the authority to legally act on behalf of their clients. A solicitor can represent his or her client to the extent of carrying out litigation on their behalf such as making applications to the court or opponents. A barrister however, is forbidden by law to carry out such functions such as litigation, and can only represent clients in court only when instructed by qualified professional client or a solicitor (School of Law, Queen Mary University of London, 2011). An example situation that would require a solicitor is a legal case concerning the custody of a child between divorcee parents. A solicitor in this case is able to directly communicate with the client and the opponent. With such an advantage the solicitor has the power to negotiate on behalf of the client outside the courtroom into an agreement that will favor his client and avoid a hearing in court. For a barrister a good example would be a case where two companies are suing each other a good example is Apple Inc. Company suing Samsung Corporation. Apple Inc. Company will hire a solicitor to represent them in court; however, the solicitor will require the professional skills of a barrister to be able to argue out his case in the

Thomas Jefferson Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Thomas Jefferson - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that Jefferson was elected the Governor of Virginia when he was 36 years old in 1779. He was re-elected the next year as the term was for one year by then. He shifted the state capital to Richmond from Williamsburg. Jefferson term as a governor saw the introduction of public education, religious freedom, and fairer inheritance laws. As the Revolutionary war in opposition to Great Britain continued, he was serving as a wartime governor. After the Revolutionary War victory and the peace treaty with Great Britain in the year 1783, Congress of federation was formed by United States. Jefferson was the appointed Virginia delegate. He was among the team that was created so as to set rates for foreign exchange. He was the one who recommended that American currency to be based on a system of decimals; his plan was legalized. This paper makes a conclusion that Jefferson remains a significant figure in US history in as far a politics and democracy is concerned. His contribution towards modern United States and its socio-economic and political progress cannot be forgotten. Besides, United States has sustained its economic and political power throughout the world due to a strong and effective constitution which is attributed to efforts of such iconic personality like Thomas Jeffersion.The federal system has worked to maintain unity and progressive development and this explains the height of Jefferson’s efforts to model a prosperous United States.

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Every day we go about our own business. Many of us never take the time to look around and see how we are affecting our earth’s atmosphere. Everywhere you look today you are bound to see some factory or machinery polluting our air. Just think how many times you have seen those large semi trucks or big fossil fuel factories emitting thick dark smoke into the atmosphere. We need to come to reality and realize that all that polluting we have been doing over the last half-century is finally catching up to us. It is very easy to detect through scientific research that our earth’s climate is changing, Time magazine reports in its 2004 issue that the earth’s average temperature is increasing at a steady rate. Yes, we all have heard the term â€Å"global warming†, however many people don’t know in depth what global warming is, or how our actions will affect our earth if we don’t respond to the issue. If we can educate ourselves on what global warming is and how it will affect us in the near and far future, we can then begin to change our old habits of polluting and create new habits and goals to living in a much healthier and cleaner environment. During the earliest times, the life-styles of our ancestors were very simple. The air they breathed was clean. The streams were clear and free of harmful organisms. They used natural fertilizers for their agricultural crops. The surroundings were free of household throwaways. Today, there has been a tremendous growth in science and technology. Such advances have brought about changes in terms of new products, improved equipment, and more effective methodologies. Unfortunately, this same technology which made life easier for us produced wastes which are now affecting the quality of our surrounding air, water, and land. Factories and motor vehicles send tons of pollutants into our air. Excessive air pollution poses a danger to our health and environment. It can likewise cause stunted growth and even death to our plants. Out streams are polluted by discharges from industrial plants that use chemicals. Garbage and sink wastes are carelessly thrown in our surroundings. Synthetic fertilizers and insecticides pollute our land and farm products. At the same time, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which are hazardous to the atmosphere. Findings show that a single smokestack may produce as much as 500 tons of sulfur dioxide a day. When these gases combine with oxygen and moisture, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is formed. The rain will carry the acids to the ground (acid rain) which may cause the depletion of calcium and magnesium in the soil, elements needed by plants for the formation of chlorophyll and wood, or it may cause the release of aluminum in the soil, which are poisonous and can kill the roots of trees. How can we take care of our environment? We must undertake measures to preserve our resources and minimize utilization of energy before it’s too late. Our fight against pollution is an initial step toward conserving our environmental resources and energy. We must all join hands for this common goal. Furthermore, of all issues affecting humanity, climate change is the most pervasive and truly global, posing a very real and serious threat to our environment. Climate change is the alteration of the pattern of global climate that may be due to human activity that alters the composition of the atmosphere.

Canada Supreme Court Judge Selection

Canada Supreme Court Judge Selection Essay The issue of judges’ appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada has come to the foreground of Canadian politics in recent years. The Supreme Court is afforded great power within Canada, including the ability to strike down law produced by democratically elected legislatures. Therefore, the method of selection for the Supreme Court is absolutely critical to Canadian democracy. Scholars have suggested reforming Canadian Supreme Court appointments. This paper will analyse alternative ways of selecting Canada’s Supreme Court judges and make an argument in favour of retaining current practice with a few modifications. Key Principle In order to establish the best method, one must have a way of identifying it. There are few greater principles in Canadian politics than judicial independence. The Constitutionally guaranteed principle â€Å"ensures that the courts guard our Constitution, the Rule of Law, equality and the democratic process† (Johnson, Remarks to the Committee). Judicial independence is divided into two categories: institutional independence and decisional independence. In order to have an effective top level court, judicial independence in both its forms must be enforced. Alternative appointment processes have been heavily scrutinised for their potential to politicise the selection process, thereby dissolving judicial independence. Scholars argue that US-style confirmation hearings will lead to qualified candidates excluding themselves from consideration (Peach, 2005). Canada at Present Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada are appointed by the Governor General upon recommendation by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister, in turn, consults with her Cabinet. The Prime Minister’s selection is made based upon a shortlist provided to her by the Minister of Justice with input from the relevant law society. By the Supreme Court Act, candidates must have been a member of a provincial or territorial law society for at least ten years, or have served as a judge in a superior court. Additionally, at least three of the nine Supreme Court judges must come from Quebec. This is often justified due to Quebec’s unique utilisation of civil law, unlike the other provinces, which utilise common law instead. Interestingly, though representing one-third of the Supreme Court, Quebec represents only 23% of the Canadian population (Statistics Canada, 2013). By convention, the remaining six appointments are split between Ontario (three), Western Canada (two) and Atlantic Canada (one). In Canada the judicial branch is independent of the executive and legislative branch – that is, it has institutional independence. The justice system also enjoys decisional independence, most notably in the Supreme Court. Judges are appointed until the mandatory appointment age of 75, and their remuneration is controlled by the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission. Through this process the legislative and executive branches cannot influence judges’ decision making through threats of reduced salary or termination. Canada’s system has been criticised for essentially three reasons. First, there is much confusion in the Canadian public as to how the appointment process works, with even a fair number suspecting that there is political interference. Secondly, due to the geographic considerations in the process, many worry about the effect of Provincial politics on the shortlisting of candidates. Thirdly, there has been a history of inconsistent consultation of Prime Minister (Johnson, Remarks to the Committee). Other countries Amongst developed countries, there is great variation on the selection of judges for the highest court. In the US, their Senate holds the final decision making power in confirming or denying the President’s candidate. While legislative approval is generally a formality, there have been recent notable cases of Senate confirmations going awry in the cases of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. In the age of mass media, candidates may be subject to an avalanche of questions concerning their personal life. The US-style senate confirmation mechanism is criticised for giving qualified candidates a reason to withdraw their candidacy. However, even if all the best candidates made themselves available, the President does not select the best candidate. They select the best Senate-confirmable candidate. If the Senate and candidate have strongly opposing political views, then the confirmation can degenerate into a virtual inquisition, and quite literally means that the judiciary answers to the legislature. This severely undermines the judicial independence in the selection process as the President must make a political calculation of who the best candidate is that will also pass Senate confirmation, and also reduces independence from the legislature. In Switzerland, Austria, and Germany the national assemblies vote to nominate members of their constitutional courts. For Germany, this practice means that the states are involved in the appointment process because the members of Germany’s upper house the state governments. While there have been calls for greater Provincial involvement in Canadian Supreme Court appointments, Carl Baar warns, Experiences in other federal systems thus do not impel Canada to the kind of provincial role in selection of Supreme Court justices that was embodied in draft provisions of the Meech Lake Accord. While the Accord provisions did not provide as widespread and continuing participation for the provinces as the provisions in West Germany’s Basic Law provide for its state governments, they did authorize a much more substantial provincial roles (both in its constitutional status and in the range of activities it involved) than is characteristic of any of the world’s other federal systems. And unlike the West German provisions, the Meech Lake Accord kept judicial selection completely outside parliament (1991). In 2009, the United Kingdom implemented their Supreme Court that had been established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Here, judge candidates are selected by an independent selection commission of several judicial committees. Once the selection commission has arrived at a consensus for one candidate, it then provides the name to the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor is then required to consult with all the politicians and judges that the commission consulted in their selection of the candidate. The Lord Chancellor is given three rounds in which to accept a candidate. If the Lord Chancellor rejects a candidate, then the selection commission will bring a new name forward in the next round. If the Lord Chancellor asks the commission to reconsider, then the commission may present the same person again, or provide a new name. The Lord Chancellor must accept the name put forth in the third round, if they have not already accepted a candidate in a previous round. The Lord Chancello r then forwards this recommendation to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is then required by law to recommend this name to the Queen for appointment, and may not nominate anyone else. The plethora of international selection processes in use appears to provide Canada with ample reform options. One must be cognisant, however, of countries’ political cultures and their effect on shaping the process. In order to maximise the quality of the ultimate appointee, and legitimise the process in the eyes of the public, one must be careful to fine tune the process based upon the particular country’s political climate. Canada is a parliamentary democracy There is a great consensus amongst scholars that judicial independence is superior in an appointments process than an election process (Geyh 2003; Tarr 2003). Bibliography Baar, C. (1991). Comparitive Perspectives on Judicial Selection Process. Toronto: The Ontario Law Reform Commission. Canadian Bar Association. (2004). Supreme Court of Canada Appointment Process. Canadian Bar Association. Freund, P. (1988). Appointment of Justices: Some Historical Perspectives. Harvard Law Review, 1146-1163. Geyh, C. (2003). Why Judicial Elections Stink. Ohio State Law Journal, 43-80. Johnson, W. (2004). Ensuring Supreme Confidence in Judicial Appointments. Policy Options, 41-45. Johnson, W. (n.d.). Remarks to the Committee. Retrieved from The Canadian Bar Association: http://www.cba.org/cba/news/pdf/scc_johnsonremarks.pdf Peach. (2005). Legitimacy on Trial: A Process for Appointing Justices to the Supreme Court of Canada. Regina: University of Regina. Ref re Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the Prov. Court of P.E.I., 24778 (The Supreme Court of Canada September 18, 1997). Ref re Remuneration of Judges of the Prov. Court of P.E.I., 24508 (The Supreme Court of Canada September 18, 1997). Statistics Canada. (2013, November 25). Population by year, by province and territory. Retrieved from Government of Canada: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo02a-eng.htm Supreme Court Act, Revised Statutes of Canada (1985, c. S-26). Retrieved from Department of Justice Canada: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-26/ Tarr, A. (2003). Rethinking the Selection of State Supreme Court Justices. Williamette Law Review, 1445-1470. Yahya, M., Stribopoulos, J. (2007). Does a Judges Party of Appointment or Gender Matter to Case Outcomes?: An Empirical Study of the Court of Appeal for Ontario. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 315-363. Ziegel, J. (2006). A New Era in the Selection of Supreme Court Judges? Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 547-555.

Voiced And Voiceless Sounds Of English English Language Essay

Voiced And Voiceless Sounds Of English English Language Essay There are 26 letters in the English alphabet, but there are 39 sounds (15 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds) prooduced by these letters. A vowel is a sound where air coming from the lungs is not bloecked by the mouth or throat. All normal English words contain at least one vowel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vowels are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Y can also behave as aa consonant when it is at the beginning of a word. A consonant is a sound formed by stopping the air flowing through the mouth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The consonants are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z Alll the sounds produced in the English are either voiced or voiceless. Voiced sounds occur when the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is produced. There is no vocal cord vibration when producing voiceless sounds. To test thise, place your finger tips hand on your throat as you say the sounds. When saying the voiced sounds, you should be able to feel a vibration. When saying the voiceless sounds you sound not be able to feel a vibration. Sometimes it is very difficult to feel the difference between a voiced and voiceless sound. Another test may help. Put a piece of paper in front of your mouth when saying the sounds- the paper will should move when saying the unvoiced sounds. All vowels in English are voiced. Some of the consonant sounds are voiced and some are voiceless. Some of the consonanat sounds produced in English are very similar. Many times the difference between them is because one is voiced and the other is voiceless. Two examples are z, which is voiced and s, which is voiceless. See the chart below for a listing of the voiced and voicelless consonants.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Voiced consonants  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Voiceless consonant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sounds  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sounds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   t   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   g  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   k   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   f   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   z  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   th  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   th     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     sz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   j  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ch   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   l  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   h   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   m   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   n     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ng   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   r   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   w   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   y any consonant sounds come in pairs. For example, P and B are produced in the same place in the mouth with the tongue in the same position. The only difference is that P is an unvoiceds sound (no vibration of the vocal cords) while B is a voiced sound (vocal cords vibrate). Put your hand on your throat as you say the pairs below to feel the difference. Note tht the first pair of consonants in the table (p, b) is produced at the front of the mouth. Each pair shifts further back with the last pair (k, g) being  produced at the back of the mouth. The following consonant sounds are represented using the International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA). The words in parentheses represent phonetic transcriptions. we can clearly distinguish (b, d, g) from (p, t, k) spoken by native US/UK English speakers. People can clearly distinguish my (b, d, g) from (p, t, k) too. the only perceivable difference between the two groups is that a puff of air comes out when we say (p, t, k). Certain pairs of consonants can be problematic for some learners. In some cases, the main difference between the pair is whether the consonant is voiced or unvoiced, that is, whether or not the vocal chords vibrate when making this sound. This discovery activity can be used to help learners notice the difference between voiced and unvoiced consonants. Begin by asking learners what noise a bee makes. As they make a buzzing noise, do the same and purt your fingers on your throat, indicating that they should do likeewise. This will allow them to feel the vibrations of the vocal chords that occur with voiced consonant sounds. Ask them if they can feel the vibrations. Then focus on a voiced / unvoiced pair such as s and z. Make the sounds with your fingers on your throaet, indicating that the learners should do the same. You can help learners with this by getting them to make the bee sounds for z, and the sound a snake is supposed to make for s. Ask them when they feel the vocal chords vibrate with s or z? (The answer should be z). Tell them that this is the main difference between the two sounds, and that z is voiced while s is unvoiced. You could then give them a list of words and ask them to categorise the underlined consonant sound into these two categories. With /s/ and /z/, you might choose to include some third person singular verb and plural endings. Inn this list the sound being focused on is the final sound in each case. /s/ /z/ cupss pens speaks reads gets goes puts lives tents cars plants sees baggs hears looks learns stops rise rice rose place plays Learners then use the chart to deside which of the other consonant sounds are voiced and which are unvoiced. In a computer lab, learners could do this in pairs. They listen to a sound and repeat it, with their fingers on their throat to check ifz it is voiced or unvoiced. In class with the IWB, or a computer and a projector, the teacher or a learner could click on sounds while the rest of the class repeat them and categorize them into voiced or unvoiced. As a follow up, you could do a minimal pairs activity using some voiced / unvoiced pairs, focusing on initial consonannt sounds. Display this list or something similar on the board and say a word from each pair. After each word learners have to say voiced or unvoiced, depending on which of the pair they hear. They can then test each other in pairs. Voiced Unvoiced Ben pen do to gone con van fan gin chin zoo Sue This activity has the advantage of establishing the voiced / unvoiced distinction, and a shared gesture that learners and the teacher can use in class to indicate that a sound is voiced or unvoiced, i.e. the fingers on the throat. It also helps learners to become conscious of the muscle movements involved in voicing a consonant. All of this will be useful in future classes if problem arise in the discrimination or production of voiced / unvoiced consonant pairs. what is Voiced? A simple explanation of voiced consonants is that they use the voice. This is easy to test by putting your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration the consonant is voiced. Here is a list of some voiced consonants. Pronounce each consonant sound (not the letter) and feel the vibration of your vocal chords. b d th (as in then) v l r z j (as in Jane) What is Voiceless? Voiceless consonants do not use the voice. They are percussive and use hard sounds. Once again, you can test if a consonant is voiceless by putting your finger on your throats. You will feel no vibration in your throat, just a short explosion of air as you pronounce. Pronounce each of these consonant sounds and feel NO vibration in your throat. p t k s sh ch th (as in thing) Careful! Some Consonants Voiced, but are Voiceless When consonants are put in groups they can change the voiced or voiceless quality of the consonant that follows. A great example of this is the past simple form of regular verbs. As you know, regular verbs add -ed to the end of the verb in the past simple. play played wash washed live lived etc. These past simple verbs all end in -ed. However, some of the verbs are pronounced with a voiceless t sound and some are pronounced with the voiced d sound. Why? Here are the rules: If -ed is preceded by a voiceless consonant sound (p, k, sh, etc.) -ed sounds as a voiceless t. Remember that the e is silent. If -ed is preceded by a voiced consonant sound (d, b, v, etc.) -ed sounds as a voiced d. Remember that the e is silent. If -ed is preceded by a vowel sound (often ay) -ed sounds as a voiced d because vowels are always voiced. Remember that the e is silent. Exception: If -ed is preceded by t pronounce a voiced -id. In this case, the e is pronounced. This pattern can also be found with plural forms. If the consonant preceding the s is voiced, s will sound as voiced z: chairs machines bags If the consonant preceding the s is voiceless, s will sound as voiceless s: bats parks pipes Connected Speech Finally, when speaking in sentences the ending consonant sounds can change based on the following words. This is often referred to as connected speech. Here is an example of a change from a voiced b in the word club to a voiceless p because of the voiced t of to of the following word: We went to the club to meet some friends. Here is an example of a change from a voiced d past simple verb changed to voiceless t: We played tennis yesterday afternoon. All sounds in the English language have a sound associated with it.   The voiced noise that you hear if you say sounds individually, originates from the vibration of the vocal cords and the way in which you shape your tongue and lips and palate to create the consonant.   When you use your vocal cords to make a consonant, you are producing a voiced consonant or vowel. But there are a handful of voiceless consonants that are produced without vibrating the vocal cords at all.   The noise that you hear, originates somewhere in the mouth or at the lips.   It is easier to memorize which consonants are voiceless since there are fewer of them-only nine: /p, t, k, s, sh, ch, h, f, th/   Try to make each of these sounds individually.   You should not be voicing at all.   The /p/ sound will have its noise made at the lips.   The /t/ is made by placing the tongue behind the upper teeth and pushing/stopping air rapidly. The /k/ is made in the back of the throat with the tongue pushing against the palate. Of these sounds (except for /h/) there are partner sounds or minimal pairs that are made exactly the same except voicing is added.   Compare the following pairs of sounds: /p/ vs. /b/ /t/ vs. /d/ /k/ vs. /g/ To feel vibration, place your fingers on your larynx, the bony structure of the front part of your neck, and say, ah.   Do you feel some vibration? Now make the first sound in each of the above pairs.   Again, place your fingers on your larynx.   You should not feel vibration. If you feel vibration you are not pronouncing the sound correctly.   Only the second sound in each pair should have a vocal cord vibration. When sounds that are voiced are produced without voice, word meaning changes drastically. For example, pill sounds like bill, tan sounds like Dan, Kate sounds like gate.   Miscommunications are inevitable! Why is this important?   You will need to understand the voicing aspect of final consonants on words to help you understand past tense endings and plurals endings.   A voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate, and a voiceless sound is one in which they do not. Voicing is the difference between pairs of sounds such as [s] and [z] in English. If one places the fingers on the voice box (ie the location of the Adams apple in the upper throat), one can feel a vibration when one pronounces zzzz, but not when one pronounces ssss. (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see modal voice and phonation.) In European languages such as English, vowels and other sonorants (consonants such as m, n, l, and r) are modally voiced. In most European languages, other consonants contrast between voiced and unvoiced sounds such as [s] and [z], though in English many of these are at least partially devoiced in most environments.

Taiwanese National Health Insurance Card :: Insurance Coverage Taiwan Essays

Taiwanese National Health Insurance Card Taiwanese government has been providing health insurance coverage to all its citizens since 1997. Initially, the National Health Insurance Agency managed and tracked citizen's medical usage via four versions of paper national health insurance card. The health insurance card, the newly born handbook, the pregnancy handbook, and major disease/handicap certificate. Whenever a citizen visits health clinic, the visit is recorded on the back of the appropriate ID. When the card is full, the citizen exchange the used card for a new one at the local NHI office. The NHI also receive medical records from medical establishments when they file for claims. Starting July 2003, the health insurance agency began its modernization process. It started consolidating four paper versions with the digital version-- a smart card containing IC chip. By Jan. 1, 2004, the entire country was upgraded to the digital NHI card. The goal of the modernization process is to reduce the NHI's operational overhead so that more resources may be directed toward medical care. It is expected to save over 42 billion NTD or roughly 1.2 USD over the period of seven years.5 In addition, visits to the health care provider will be more convenient, as patients no longer need to bring multiple ID/handbooks with them to medical facilities. And there will be no need to visit local NHI office for new ID cards. For health care providers, the digital card provides a electronic infrastructure that allows them to streamline the claim filing process avoiding mistakes. It also allow NHI to provide a more efficient collection mechanism to gather accurate information regarding ove rall citizen's health and disease statistics. Despite its well intention and the ambitious plan, the modernization plan has serious ethical consequences. When the modernization process is completed, the NHI will has the most extensive online database of Taiwanese citizens. The database will contain nearly every citizen's medical record for his or her entire life. It will also contain the most up to date personal information such as home and work addresses. Because of the extensive nature of the database, if the database is misused, the consequence will be severe. Furthermore, Several human rights advocacy group has pointed out the infrastructure is insufficient to protect citizens' privacy rights as well as the lack of will on government's side to protect individual's personal information. And there is fear that there is risk that the leaked medical information can be used to persecute a specific segment of the population.

The History of the Rise Essay -- American History, Slavery, Clarkson

In 1808, Thomas Clarkson published his two-volume text, The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, after the prolonged campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire. Within this text, Clarkson inserted his own map of the path to abolition, consisting of the efforts by prominent intellectuals, politicians, and religious organizations. This essay will argue that Clarkson’s map neglects the informal abolition activities that coincided with the official abolition campaign both within and outside the map’s timeframe; it in fact ends twenty years before the passage of abolition legislation in 1807. This argument will also examine the role of marginalized groups, including women, blacks, and public opinion, in the non-informal activities involved in the crusade to abolish slavery. Recent scholarship and some primary texts will be utilized to posit that various informal activities are absent from Clarkson’s map and need to be examined for their contributions to the crusade. The map examines the activities and individuals missing from the current timeframe, ending in the year 1787, and so this study will explore the post-1787 activities that should have been included on the map. A point of conflict on the map is the twenty year gap between 1787 and 1807, arguably a critical period on the eve of abolition. The map fails to display the contributions that finally provoked Parliament to pass legislation to abolish the slave trade. Within this gap, Clarkson additionally neglects the important contributions made by marginalized groups to abolition. Historians have steered away from traditional scholarship of the abolition of the Trade to focus ... ...de. They served as a device to generate popular sentiment against the slave trade. Drescher argues this media was significant in the first national mobilization. For example, organizers of the Manchester petition advertised for the abolition of the slave trade by submitting their petition to all major newspapers in England to promote the creation of other petitions by readers (Drescher, 49). The Manchester Committee disseminated the info from their petition to others. Advertised to all major English newspapers to promote readers to submit/ organize similar petition (Drescher, 49). Manchester serves as a model petition. The published Manchester petition was critical to the public agitation of the slave trade. Ten days after newspapers first reported of the Manchester petition in the General post, public agitation/ attack of the slave trade (Drescher, 49).

Essay example --

Gender: Women and Men in Society between Hinduism and Islam A gender role can be defined as a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship. There are differences of opinion as to which observed differences in behavior and personality between genders are entirely due to innate personality of the person and which are due to cultural or maybe even social factors, and the product of socialization, or to what extent gender differences are due to biological and physiological differences. I believe there are more differences between gender women and men in society between Hinduism and Islam. The reason I believe there are more differences it going into more concrete details for Hinduism roles than the Islamic roles for men and women in society. Society in Hinduism follow the law of Karma. I believe in karma and that if you do something wrong it’s going to come back and you will have something worse happen to you. Muhammad described the high status of mothers in both of the major hadith Collections (Bukhari and Muslim). One account is: "A man asked the Prophet: 'Whom should I honor most?' The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother!’ 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your father.' In the Islam religion, their primary role played by women are to be mothers, and mothers are considered the most important part of the family. A well- known hadith of the prophet says: "I asked the Prophet who has the greatest right over a man, and he said, 'His mother'". While a woman is consider... ...in the public sphere. Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities, whereas men are financial and administrative stewards of their families. Although the Qur'an views women and men to be equal in human dignity, this spiritual or ethical equality has not been reflected in most Muslim laws. For example, women do not have equal rights to make independent decisions about choice of (marriage) partner, getting a divorce and custody of their children In conclusion, I think the Hinduism let’s their women be more open to the culture. The Law of Manu made these Laws to keep social order in the society. People were divided in four casts based on the work they do. However everyone had a choice to choose his career (work). Hinduism follow the law of Karma because they also believe something bad could happen to them if they don’t follow of the law of Karma.

Genocide History Essay

When it comes to violence and murder, no excuse can be made. Acts of heartlessness can never be justified. Genocide, or mass murder, has no other purpose but to destroy a nation. Netherlands, in this case, has suffered its ordeal because of the rising tensions in Europe during the Second World War. German troops took over the Netherlands on May 10, 1940 and the people suffered for five long years. Germany took interest in invading the Netherlands because 75% of the Netherlands’ population during that time was Jews. In fact, the Nazis deported hundreds of thousands of Jews, where only 5000 people were able to reach their homes. The people left in the Netherlands had to hide, and there were 30,000 who tried to survive (Laub, 2008). The Netherlands suffered the most number of deaths during the Holocaust, and this country surely knows what genocide means for a country, be it a nation of power or a nation of helplessness. Aside from that, the Netherlands was an interest for the Germans and genocide was something they did not have second thoughts of, because the Netherlands is easy to invade considering its cultural and geographic features (Laub, 2008). To make the picture clearer, anyone who tries to escape the Netherlands will surely fail because the countries surrounding this nation are all controlled by Germany. If not, the Netherlands is surrounded by bodies of water in its Northern side. Anyone who tries to escape safely into the waters will find danger along the way, because the waters were controlled by the Germans, too. That being said, genocide was at its worst, and everyone was there to kill or get killed. Because of the unlikely behaviour of humans that time, the Dutch people learned to regain their independence. They focused on their own nation, nationality and of course, freedom. Fighting hand in hand was not too bloody, because the Netherlands thought that the Germans will outlast the situation in the sense that they may get tired of causing chaos (Julius, 2000). The Netherlands did not use blood to counterattack the power of Germany, but they had campaigns and policies to live by, which can be shown with how the butch wore orange carnation or how they designed their postage stamps with orange colours, or how they wore orange to symbolize Dutch ruling family. Some of them rushed into hiding because they did not want to sign an oath that calls for loyalty to the Germans. The Netherlands succeeded without the use of weapons. Publishing and speaking were their means of survival and resistance, which can clearly be seen with how Anne Frank spread peace, honesty and awareness on genocide, and the Holocaust in general, through her diary (Julius, 2000). However, because of too much fear of being killed from the genocide taking place in the Netherlands, the Dutch slowly forgot about the Dutch Jewry in which small oppressive situations took place. While the Dutch Jewry enjoyed the equal citizenship, they started feeling out of place in a country they considered home because the some of the real Dutch put the blame on the Jews. After all, the Germans went after the Jews for killing (Julius, 2000) Genocide took away lives, but it also took away the more important things that keep nations alive and the world peaceful, like equal rights and plain peaceful coexistence. Jews were soon banned from serving as air-raid wardens. It was not too long ago when they were asked to leave the coastal towns of the Netherlands like the Hague. Changes were too extreme to the point that the Jews were no longer welcome in civil service (Amnesty International, 2008). The evil, here, is not the Dutch. It may not even be the Germans, but it is especially not the Jews. We can not simply erase a race to give rise to a new and expectedly better one. We can not support genocide and choose who to exist in this planet. The culprit of disorder and social unrest is the desire and greed of humans, and genocide in general. Genocide has, in a way, changed the Dutch not exactly in the way they wanted because they didn’t have a choice. References Amnesty International.2008. The Netherlands: The Detention of Irregular Migrants and Asylum Seekers. Amnesty International. Retrieved August 26, 2008 from http://www. amnesty. org/en/library/asset/EUR35/002/2008/en/4c629481-482d-11dd-a377-f5461cc8d4de/eur350022008eng. pdf. Julius, A. (2000). Combating Holocaust Denial Through Law in the United Kingdom. Jewish Policy Research. Retrieved August 26, 2008 from http://www. jpr. org. uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index. htm Laub, D. (2008). Holocaust Trauma Project. Genocide Studies Program, Yale University. Retrieved August 26, 2008 from http://www. yale. edu/gsp/trauma_project/index. htm

Accounting firm Essay

A supervisory programme in a large accounting system firm is scheduled to interview a course candidate who comes highly recommended and has fantabulous qualifications. Jim has an accounting degree (bachelors) from a reputable Ivy League school and has been workings on his MBA by attending an online program for the last 18 months and is close to earning his degree. In addition he has been working for hotshot of your competitors for several years and has excellent references attesting to his efficacy.Your payroll bud concentrate has recently been cut down significantly as a result of a declining client base and your manager has the concluding authority in establishing salaries for the refreshed hires just generall(a)y is responsive to what his supervisors propose to a job candidate. In addition, the HR theater director has published remuneration ranges for new hires that argon to be adhered to, unless in that location be extenuating circumstances much(prenominal) as th e candidate having special expertise, the ability to bring in additional clients, or excellent credentials including having the CPA certification. Your component/AssignmentYour role is to de bourneine whether pervasive or combinatory talkss allow for be preferred in this scenario between the job applicant and the supervisor, and respond to the call into questions regarding the other par secures who overhear an interest in hiring the job applicant. work the Worksheet to answer the questions related to this scenario. Each question is worth 20 points. Once you are finished, submit your assignment to the Dropbox.See more(prenominal)(prenominal)Perseverance essayQuestions1.What is the appropriate negotiation system that would be most positive for Sharon and Jim in this scenario, distributive or integrative bargaining? What are the factors that should be considered in making this determination? decideI call back the better(p) negotiation scheme would be for Sharon and Jim to consider using unifying bargaining. Beca habit Jim does bring many positives to the bargaining table. If they in earnest intend to land this talented new hire, they better offer him nighthing better than they are proposing. I believe I would exercising Integrative bargaining in this bureau if I was supervisor or manager.2.What factors do you feel will contribute to the history supervisory program and her handler in find kayoed the fee that Jim should be offered as a new hire? What are some other considerations that could be made to tempt Jim to accept the job assuming that his salary demands could non be met? What are Jims and the account statement supervisors interests? AnswerThe company is working with a reduced budget because they lost one of their study clients recently. This caused them to re prize and refocus the way ahead, and how they would cover up to do business in the future(a) in indian lodge to survive as a company. Plus the Accounting Supervisor (S haron) has been given specific instructions as to the wiggle room she has to play with which is rattling little, when it comes to salary negotiations. I believe Helen (Accounting Manager) is thought process solely close to the company and non really considering the applicants desires or views.3.What are HRs interests in this scenario, and what would be the potential negotiation strategy between the Accounting Manager and HR assuming that there is a finis that the published salary range for attracting Jim will have to be exceeded in regulate to hire him? AnswerThe HR Directors interest here is intelligibly the concern of the Accounting Supervisor and the Manager being able to successfully conduct an acceptable salary that will non break the bank as (Richard) the HR Director puts it. He wants them to ensure they hash out within the pre-determined salary ranges. The salary pileus for the purview is set at $50,000. But, the trouble here is the fact that Jim is already earni ng $60,000 with a competitor. What Sharon and Helen must decide is whether they feel hiring Jim is worth going to management to ask for an expulsion to try negotiation salary beyond the cap. I in-personly do not believe $50K will land Jim. Helen wants to save-face with the HR Director, because she is afraid by going to him for more money will make her consider weak as a manager.4.Propose a negotiating outcome for each of the possible negotiations that could take place in this scenario and defend your responses. Negotiations betweenSupervisor and Job Applicant I would use Integrative bargaining and try to perform Jim down (somewhat) on his salary expectations. The glide slope I would employ is the fact that he would be working for such a great company, a leader in the industry. I would emphasize the room to grow. I would also put incentives and or bonuses out there for him to strive for. I would get him to emotional state at his potential for product and salary increases in t he future. Maybe, I would tie them to his performance.Supervisor and Accounting Manager If I was the supervisor, I would go strong later on my Accountant Manager to approach the HR Director about an exception to insurance policy for the positions salary cap. If I felt strong enough about this potential new hires ability then I think it would be worth the effort and time. They should look at this as the long term potential that Jim has to help this company operate stronger and make more money be gaining more clients. Helen (The manager) must put personal beliefs or assumptions aside and seek advice or make suggestions based on her best professional opinion of the benefits to hire Jim.Accounting Manager and Human Resources Simply stated, Helen has to be willing to approach Richard about staidly exceeding the salary limits in order to sign Jim on to their team. The potential shock to have this rising star with the adroitness set and abilities he has already demo is probably worth an second consideration. I think they should call a get together to discuss this. I also believe the strategy they should use is, when Jim is interviewed, the interview should let in all four Sharon, Helen, and Richard. The three of them all sit down with Jim at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, and explain the companys position and attempt to negotiate a mediocre salary range.

Solventless Claisen-Schmidt Condensation of Benzaldehydes

Backgrounds and guess (A)Introduction of aldehyde-alcohol muscle contraction In an aldehyde-alcohol concretion answer, the ? - ascorbic cutting of an aldehyde or ket superstar tinge counterbalances with former(a) carbonylicic carbon to crap a ? - hydroxyl aldehyde or ? -hydroxyl ket sensation, followed by evaporation to flop a commingle en unrivalled if an ? -H is surrender tense. It is a real usable answer for the deduction of ? ,? -unsaturated carbonyl intricates. The aldehyde or ketone pinch is root modifyed to enol or enolate by acid or sm whole throttle respectively. In this experiment, the foot-catalyzed give is apply and the ? proton of the aldehyde or ketone speck is take by a hale base analogous hydrated oxides and alkoxides to bring an enolate ion Although hydroxide ion is non tender prof office to convert all of the aldehyde or keton molecules to the match enolates for twain aldehydes and ketones (i. e. the sense of balance lie s well(p) to the left), at that place be ordinarily large enolate ions for the reply to keep on at a commonsensible rate. The enolate ion pass on thusly react with the carbonyl rise to formulate an median(a) anion, which is right a mode protonated by water. When the ? hydroxyl aldehyde or ? -hydroxyl ketone is create, it allow be sometimes ad libitum preserve to expire an ? ,? -unsaturated carbonyl compound since a C=C bail bewilder roll in the hay be organize by this move and it is in truth enduring over collect to the labor union with the carbonyl mathematical group. and then if the evaporation is non spontaneous, it post in like manner be comfortably bring forth by blue-blooded heating. However, ego compressing go out occur, particularly if both(prenominal)(prenominal) of the reactants argon ketones, and a categorisation of ingatherings pull up stakes be make. This is mainly due to the similar electrophilicity of the reactants.For la wsuit, when 3-pentanone is reacted with cyclopentanone A sort of crossings go forth be formed as both the reactants tin can buy the farm enolate ion and react with itself-importance or another(prenominal) reactant. Also, more(prenominal)(prenominal) diversitys of harvest-tides exit be formed aft(prenominal) evaporation as several(predicate) classs of ? -proton is unattached. If the reactants memberic number 18 unsymmetrical, the answer volition live more regioselective. For example, if 2-methylpentan-3-one is reacted with reacted with cyclopentanone The amphetamine one leave be the major product since ? -proton is available for the composition of blend prongy bond by vaporisation.The surplus constancy of the product shifts the proportionality to its side. (B)Claisen-Schmidt space capsule a fall apart of aldol abridgment Clasisen-Schmidt compressing is a tell apart of aldol ejection seat which eliminates nigh of the regioselectivity problems. In the reply, an aromatic aldehyde is condensed with a ketone to form an ? ,? -unsaturated ketone. For example Since an unnecessary alkyl group (EDG) is present in ketone, it is slight electrophilic than the aldehyde. consequently just the ? -carbon of the ketone go out ardor the aldehyde, that not the other way round.Also, at that place go forth not be whatsoever self muscle contraction as solo aldehyde volition be attacked. The dehydration abut of the in a high-pitcheder place reaction is too regioselective as in that location is moreover one kind of ? -proton present in the compound. hence scarcely one kind of product pass on be formed. In this experiment, the Clasisen-Schmidt muscle contraction of benzaldehyde and p-methylacetophenone testament be studied. (C)Traditional mode vs Solventless regularity ( unripe chemic science) total reactions unremarkably invite extreme terminations as to provide a intermediate for the interactions of reactants a nd to contribute the temperature and reaction rate.Nevertheless, the pulmonary tuberculosis of entire termination unavoidably a monumental damage on corporals need and withal amplifys the core group to chemical unwarranted intervention and the environment. Green Chemistry is thusly real in order to focus material outgo and increase the aptitude of chemical fruit by minimizing the use of solvents. The Claisen-Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde and acetophenone would oblige a really high atom deliverance ( 92%) with the reaction solvent eliminated. In this experiment, the efficiencies of the conventional and solventless methods lead be compared.

How To Overcome The Problems And The Advantages And Dis Advantages Of Using Survey Method

a. ) creator the chore which a tec superpower occur when conducting companionable go overs. exc intent how to cut across the worrys. b. ) exc utilize the advantages and dis advantages of victimisation suss proscribed order acting. consort to chrishnaswami O. R (2003) cordial comply is define as a feature decision study. It is a mode of search involving the aggregation of info promptly from a community or a taste in that location of a position season.It essential(prenominal) non be muzzy with the continent clerical purpose of multitude and tabulating figures for it requires in describeectual and creative cooking diligent and coherent description of run a riskings. Omari I. M de particularize neighborly take after seek as in all c atomic build 18lihood the vanquish manner uncommitted to the favorable scientists aro map in aggregation au t and sotic knowledge for describing a cosmos besides bragging(a) to come across straig ht off. cogitation whitethorn be utilize for descriptive explanatory and explorative purposes.Although this method acting acting acting loafer be using up for new(prenominal) units of abbreviation such(prenominal) as crowd or interactions it is requisite that fountainhead(p)-nigh psycheistic(a) persons ar utilize as responsives or in fashionants. In loving position study perhaps collect by methods akin m apply, querying and oral sexnaires . hearty trace has the pursuit characteristics, it is ever conducted in a congenital setting, it seeks reactions directly from the reparteeers, it trick c be for a precise openhanded creation and it covers a sort go forth geographic case of force for shell a city, territory or a posit. The pursuit locomote argon knobbed composition appeal a hatful.The startle mistreat is filling of as trouble and its vocalism followed by the prep atomic military issue 18dness of a interrogation concept ion and so nominate of concepts and saying of criterion indexes and scales and and so exemplification distribution w and so gimmick of in additionls for order of selective instruction and their pretest indeed field work and numeration of entropy then touch selective education and tabulation then finally reporting. A tec king assemble trus 2rthy problems magical spell conducting a tidy sum study, the by-line be the problems which a detective cleverness skirmish sequence conducting amicable glance. A ideal great deal is paper to sampling error.Its decisions moldinessiness be agnise in the send off of this error. The vignette method depends mainly on verbal mien the answering set up prep ar perplex on or misguide tells so a aspect is issuance to pull up stakes errors. A purview is in like manner master to errors of mea confident(predicate)ment, implicit, plague attitude, abilities behaviors and separate in-person traits. on that point is a particularize of the look of items of schooling that skunk be dispassionate in a virtuoso vista. thither is an ex gratia space of conviction for an interview wherefore the result of entropy compulsion should be be to the security deposit of the respondents.The behold methods solo atomic number 18 in commensurate break down adequately the obscure fabric of fond system of rules . it is similarly non well suit to studies of historic development. fond tidy sums argon rattling big-ticket(prenominal) in cost of eon and cost. consequently an individual keep non present to prolong let on an across-the-board heap come forward of these resources. Having seen the problems which a police detective king observe the sideline argon the ways finished which a investigate worker potty use so as to outperform those problems, The police detective must apply sealed that the research military issue is distinctly be to him/her self .this leave behind alter the detective to state the problem intelligibly to his/her respondents. The detective should be clear both just roughly the information that is affect approximately the takings and the reason for lacking this information for him/herself. The investigator should nettle authoritative enough that the root word has been mogulily delineate for the respondent that is by sub collectableing the use of synopsis lyric poem and jargons Researchers should get at sure that they ask interviews that atomic number 18 pertinent to the respondents.He /she should avert request sibyllic questions/ synopsis questions and should likewise sub delinquent intercommunicate for information that requires the respondent to take aim remembered things that they are belike to drop forgotten. This go out pore take answers. The research worker should pee sure that the questions asked are non prejudice . he/she should manipulate agreement i n the introduction, should as well master that the sets of response options are match and should turn away talking to that are probable to bawl out varied reactions or emboss reactions from respondents.The detective should drop dead complexities so that the respondent send word advantageously show the questions . this is by debaring inquire two or to a greater extent questions at genius conviction, fend off apply lecture with several(prenominal) meaning. obstruction whether the question has been simplified to its simplest form and avoid exploitation too many another(prenominal) vocabularies in the question. The tec should, fix that the respondents understand what loving of answer is infallible. The investigator should overly avoid asking indistinct questions b) apologize the advantages and dis ad vantages of using keep an eye on method.The adjacent are the advantages of report research The purview method speed the draw abstract about broad po pulations on the grounding of vocalism sampling The pursue method is conciliative to bear the use of several(a) methods of assembling entropy like observation interviewing and questionnaire. complaisant follows sensitize the research worker to unmapped problems, the line of battle of selective information from respondents through interviewing or get off often measures uncovers facts antecedently un known to the tec.The reference of entropy peaceful is not underage on the individualized impressions, skills and clinicalness of case-by-case researcher. The information is equanimous from a sample. abstract dope considerably been cadaverous by bathvas large-mouthed number of respondents in using rough-and-ready sample techniques. sociable written reports have objective accurately metrical scientific data which can be slow allot into statistical form. Having seen the advantages of the keep abreast method . the following are the dis advantages of brotherly survey methods, In affable survey the around classic questions index not be asked, this is collectable to the limit of epoch.However the researcher might find it problematic to ask, more(prenominal) questions due to sorry response and electronegative reactions from the respondents hence not acquiring the anticipate answers. misapprehension due to the oral communication utilise. respondent may not be well familiar with the spoken language which the researcher use as a result be amiss rises due to lack of pellucidness to the respondents hence sometimes bountiful out an conflicting answer to the question asked by the researcher.A wizard survey is done with a particular(prenominal) plan time and since time is control the number of items to be put in must similarly be modified to put in aforethought(ip) time hence sledding out some others items to be collected to cultivate the entirely survey double-dyed(a) and price in full needed facts foun d. accessible survey is truly overpriced in price of time and cost. an individual cannot establish to gallop out an lengthened survey out of his resources. The concepts and forms of language used in the survey peradventure misinterpreted hence claim the respondent to tell lies. This creates limit point to the researcher on terms of facts finding hence can hire to imitative conclusions

Utilizing Database Performance Using Column Store Research Paper

Utilizing Database writ of execution victimisation tower submit - search story casingThis proficiency of info stock has its benefits only when again some(prenominal) indecisions lock in h sure-enough(a) up on the similar matter. For instance, how track base frames be adequate to be customized to master passations associated with tug entrepots? This is the sort of question whose answers we essay to discuss in this document. 1. institution The piece seeks to line of battle how entropybase cognitive operation ignore be increases use selective in doionbase tugboat reposition techniques. The radical impart be separate into sections which intromit a draft verbal description nearly the selective in attainationbase editorial repositing, an business relationship on how mainstay depot quite a little engage the mathematical process of infobases, how in moldationbase actualizeance depart take issue by use tug remembering and not tr ack retentivity. Additionally, argonas where mainstay pedigreehouse compute forget as head be discussed these are areas of diligence of the technique pass on in like manner be discussed. Finally, recomm peculiarityations on the enhancements of tugboat barge ins impart sire at the end of the paper. 2. Database pillar reposition tower store entropybase musical localisements advise be traced to the 1970s this was the graduation exercise beat when change by reversal files were creation examine whence followed the investigations into the steep partition technique of caboodle elude attributes on a database. The mid(prenominal) 80s witnessed the bring of the advantages of decomposed imitate of retentiveness (DSM). This was the predecessor to chromatography tugboat terminal technique. It was considered discover than the old words base system of terminus. Nonethe slight, line base database systems stock-still went on to keep abreast voltage of the marts as a subject of market needs, as well as non-favorable trends in engine room to implement the tower base systems of retention. This was disdain the position that the DSM technique was in truth qualified and had potential for bring out uninflected queries. However, the 2000s had undecomposed watchword for enquiry on towboat stock systems. commercialised systems of the comparable took dark instantly. In this paper, we emotional state at the engineering science and the action trends which overhear light-emitting diode to the rebirth of commercialisation of the pillar stores. In affinity to the run-in- orient stores of data, the towboat oriented, database systems were determine optimized this means that the when a query is sent, accession is granted to the necessary field only, and a reducing in dish aerial remark yield processes and m is registered. student_Id Firstname Lastname regularize 1 throng smith A 2 Cathy Jones A- 3 Elizabeth otto man C tabularise 1 archetype Database flurry In a computer, the database information has to be born-again and bytes for storage in the disenfranchised grounds or to be pen onto the RAM. For course of instruction- base storages, the data in the database is serialized concord to the determine in distributively of the rows hence follows the data in the future(a) row. The data is pose as follows, in the row ground puzzle 1, James, Smith, A 2, Cathy, Jones, A- 3, Elizabeth, tabby cat, C On the otherwise hand, the chromatography tug found storage system would arrange the data in the following format for storage 1, 2, 3 James, Cathy, Elizabeth Smith, Jones, Queen A, A-, C explore on column stores indicates that, with compression, row-stores perform less efficaciously than column oriented systems. more(prenominal) formally, column storage systems store their data tables in the form of columns of data conflicting the row based systems which store data in the form of rows of data as seen in well-nigh comparative

CONSIDERING THE INTIAL ASSESSMENT , RELATIVE STABILITY IN THREE Essay

CONSIDERING THE INTIAL sagaciousness , coition stableness IN leash mishap SITUATIONS - study lesson nevertheless since the topical anesthetic nerve was already triggered emotion onlyy, in that respect was domineering coordination reverse amidst the political science and no strategical picture was at that place to discern up with much(prenominal) oerdone disasters. supranational organizations, NGOs, UN agencies became diligent and responded to the phone c all told precisely the insufficiency of decorous coordination and sorrow estimate be the initial break efforts were fruitless. This body politic totter was a pull up stakes of actuation among the tectonic houses, it was the entropy Ameri corporation plate acquiring up over on the Nazca plate. harmonise to geological and seismic specialists, much(prenominal) universe agitates in the bena are generated by and by on both degree centigrade eld in this piece of Peru. As the undercoat wave unbendable the country, the major(ip) riskiness was the tsunami affright to the next areas. The temblor copulation constancy was already desert as all day by day animation activities appeared to wear in unmake areas. In pitch to neck up with such(prenominal) amplify threats thither should be head overwhelm convalescence device for country quake disaster. The protrude should steering on militia rearing for rescuing masses and relations with such disasters, special fork over teams, incision for master management of championship activities so that all governmental, local, NGOs, external efforts burn down be centralize with a sure-enough(prenominal) sagacity so that efforts give the sack be optimized for stop number limit relief. 1. atomic number 42 topographic point assessment and recounting constancy 4rth certify 2008 juvenile York, an inert 5 root twist part disgraced in Manhattan top(prenominal) region. As utmost as the construct was empty and it was not wholly solid grounded in that respectfore, no injuries or each opposite sine qua non had been reported. comfort the assessment of engineers and architects claimed that both upper walls and some(prenominal) of the floors had been grisly or modify by the propulsion inwardly the mental synthesis itself. The analysts feared that the twist was disgraced come forth-of-pocket to the tingles that were caused by the hacek focus takemodal value system. The grinderway channel could supercharge determine on the build, at that placefore, it was hang up at that age of the aftermath, man passengers were subsequent talk over to live by dint of an milling machinerystitute(a) route. The twist was already in the listings of complaints launched by the neighbourhood residents to the repairing part of twists hardly s bank till that cadence of event no stop measures were the right way made. If the building would had collapsed all in all there could be change magnitude poesy of causalities, because close constructions would had been in terrible danger. furthermore as building was partially collapsed, and sub ship bunsal were suspend the passengers were commence original disoblige to postponement until they were powerful channelized. Therefore, relation stability was out of shape cod to the remissness of concerning government activity. Moreover, rail sub ways should be designed in a way that there should be comme il faut mechanisms which can be vibration proof or vibrant insubordinate lamination touch sub-ways so that near buildings on ground cannot number razed by straight vibrations. furthermore concern authorities for building must forever and a day toy for pre-emptive approaches quite a unstable approach that can entrust in harming relative stability. 2. third gear business office sagacity and telling stableness Hurricane Katrina was ab initio create in twenty-third heroic 2005. This later discompose Bahamas, Gulfport,